Transforaminal epidural steroid injection and its complications

Interlaminary epidural steroid injections have been used in pain management for many years. However, either incomplete clinical recoveries or increase of anatomical knowledge and experience lead to investigation of different techniques. Transforaminal approach has lead to rather favourable results, but it has also the risk of severe complications especially when used in the cervical area. So, investigators have started to search for how to decrease these complications and even started to investigate for more safe techniques. In this review, transforaminal epidural steroid injection techniques and their complications are examined.