Low back pain has been investigated epidemiologically for many years, and its incidence in different occupations has been studied. There are well-established clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain, but these provide limited guidance on occupational aspects. In view of the risky physical demands and psychosocial features of police work, policemen are at risk for low back pain. In this review, occupational low back pain and therapeutic approaches in policemen were investigated.

Objectives: In this study, the effects and side effects of intravenous paracetamol application, combined with patient-controlled intravenous tramadol analgesia, were investigated in elective cesarean operations for postoperative pain control and its tramadol-sparing effect. Methods: Fifty ASA I-II patients scheduled for cesarean operation were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: group I served as a control group, with saline administration (100 ml) 15 min before the end surgery and every 6 h for 24 h, whereas group II received paracetamol (1 g/100 ml) at the stated time points. All patients received a standard anesthetic protocol. At the end of surgery, all patients received tramadol i.v. via a PCA (patient-controlled analgesia) device. Pain and sedation scores were assessed at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h postoperatively.
Results: Tramadol consumption and adverse effects were noted in the first 24 hours following surgery. The pain scores were significantly lower in the paracetamol group when compared with the control group (p<0.05). The cumulative tramadol consumption was lower in the paracetamol group than the control group (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in sedation scores and nausea-vomiting scores between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that paracetamol is a safe and effective treatment option in post-cesarean pain for combination with tramadol, as it produces effective analgesia and reduces tramadol consumption.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the headache characteristics among students of the Faculty of Health Sciences and the cultural beliefs affecting their treatment selection(s).
Methods: This research was faculty-centered and 243 students formed the sample. Data was derived from face-to-face interview, using a 54-item questionnaire. Results: The students involved in the research admitted that they had experienced a headache at least once in their lives. 51.0% stated the headache was localized on both sides, 50.9% reported a sense of heaviness, baring, carving in character, 50.6% stated that the headaches started in the evening and were voice, and 54.3% reported feeling tired afterwards. 71.2% of the students expressed sensitivity to voice in conjunction with the headache and 49.8% of them reported an increase in headache with activity. 179 students suffering from headache had never applied to a doctor, and 74 of them self-administered medication. Aside from the treatment with medicine, 81.1% stated that head and neck massages ameliorated/resolved their headache symptoms. Conclusion: Reports of seeing a doctor, taking painkillers or using other techniques for treating the headache were deficient.

Objectives: Surgery is recognized as an important cause of pain. Expression of pain differs according to age, developmental stage, previous pain experiences, and other modifying environmental factors. The degree of postoperative pain should be reduced using different techniques, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological. This study aimed to determine the effects of various actions taken by nurses for the purpose of pain management. Methods: One hundred eighty-nine nurses working in the surgical ward were included in this study. A questionnaire was used to investigate demographic data and the actions taken by the nurses in the study group to alleviate pain. Results: The results showed that 146 of 189 nurses (77.2%) administered analgesic medication more often than employing other techniques for pain management. Conclusion: The other applications in pain management included patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), massage, visual analog scale (VAS), and teaching relaxation techniques, helping with mobilization, and assessing vital signs.

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the relation between health- related quality of life and pain, depression, anxiety, and functional independence. Methods: The study included 82 healthy subjects aged 38.18±11.06 and 89 physically disabled subjects aged 37.72±16.40. Physical and social characteristics of the subjects such as age, height, length, weight, gender, occupational and marital status, and level of education were recorded. Visual Analogue Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Nottingham Health Profile, and Functional Independence Measure were used to evaluate pain, depression, anxiety, quality of life, and functional independence, respectively. Results: Compared to healthy individuals, chronically disabled subjects had higher pain, depression and anxiety and lower quality of life scores. Between-group comparison showed that there was a significant difference in pain, depression, anxiety levels and health-related quality of life (p<0.05). Similarly, both healthy and disabled individuals indicated a negative correlation between pain, depression, anxiety and quality of life (p<0.05). Conclusion: In individuals with chronic disabilities, pain may induce serious psychological problems, negatively affecting quality of life. This study showed that in chronically disabled individuals, there is a strong correlation between pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life. These results should be considered carefully when planning assessment and rehabilitation programs for individuals with chronic disabilities.

The chronic form of paroxysmal hemicrania was defined first. Although the episodic form was thought to be inevitably chronic, in time, episodic forms that never reach the chronic phase were identified. The supposed incidence of paroxysmal hemicrania is 1/50.000, and the ratio of the episodic to chronic form is 1: 4. A seasonal type of episodic form, which is limited to three cases in the literature, has also been reported. In this article, a case who remained episodic for 40 years with seasonal waxing and waning attack variations is reported.

Bilateral brachial plexus block is rarely performed due to the risk of systemic toxicity of local anesthetics. Therefore, general anesthesia is generally preferred in bilateral extremity operations. However, usage of ultrasound allows easy visualization of the structures of the vessels and the nerves. In this case report, we present a 28-year-old man who was scheduled for bilateral hand surgery with ultrasound-guided bilateral infraclavicular block after he refused general anesthesia. After visualization of the axillary artery and the cords of the brachial plexus with linear ultrasound probe, the mixture of local anesthetics, which was prepared as 20 ml for each extremity (10 ml 2% lidocaine (with 5 μg. ml-1 adrenaline) + 10 ml 7.5% levobupivacaine), was injected using triple injection method. During block performance, no complication developed. In conclusion, we think that infraclavicular block can be safely performed bilaterally with ultrasound guidance, which allows a reduction in the dose of local anesthetic.